Data Model specification and limits (2024)

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A data model is embedded data inside an Excel workbook that powers data visualizations such as PivotTables, and Pivot Charts. This article documents the maximum and configurable limits for Excel workbooks that contain data models.

Workbooks that contain a data model and data visualizations are often very large, sometimes exceeding the file size limits imposed by SharePoint Online or Office for the web in Microsoft 365.

The following table states the maximum limits of memory storage and file size for workbooks in Excel, and on different platforms. For tips on how to reduce model size, see Create a memory-efficient Data Model using Excel and the Power Pivot add-in.

You might also consider also running the Workbook Size Optimizer. It analyzes your Excel workbook and if possible, compresses it further.

Product or platform

Maximum Limit

Excel 2013

32-bit environment is subject to 2 gigabytes (GB) of virtual address space, shared by Excel, the workbook, and add-ins that run in the same process. A data model’s share of the address space might run up to 500 – 700 megabytes (MB), but could be less if other data models and add-ins are loaded.

64-bit environment imposes no hard limits on file size. Workbook size is limited only by available memory and system resources.

SharePoint Server 2013 (1)

Maximum file size for uploading to a document library:

  • 50 megabytes (MB) default

  • 2 gigabytes (GB) maximum (2)

Maximum file size for rendering a workbook in Excel Services:

  • 10 megabytes (MB) default

  • 2 gigabytes (GB) maximum (2)

Excel for the web in Office 365 3

250 megabytes (MB) total file size limit. Core worksheet contents (everything not in the Data Model) size limits according to file size limits for workbooks in SharePoint Online.

Power BI Pro or free service

0-250 MB

See how to reduce the size of an Excel workbook for Power BI.

(1) On SharePoint Server, notice that the defaults that are much lower than the maximum allowed. Ask your SharePoint administrator about raising file size limits if your file is too big to upload or render. More information about Software boundaries and limits for SharePoint Server 2013.

(2) Maximum Upload Size must be configured for each web application by a SharePoint administrator. Maximum Workbook Size must be configured in Excel Services by a service administrator. More information for administrators can be found in Configure Maximum File Upload Size on TechNet.

(3) Limits in Microsoft 365 are not configurable, but can change over time. Check the Microsoft 365 for Enterprise Service Descriptions for the latest information. You can also seeSharePoint Online Limits.

The following table specifies the maximum sizes and numbers of various objects defined in a Data Model.

Object

Maximum Limit

Characters in a table or column name

100 characters

Number of tables in a model

2,147,483,647

Number of columns and calculated columns in a table

2,147,483,647

Concurrent requests per workbook

6

Number of connections

5

Number of distinct values in a column

1,999,999,997

Number of rows in a table

1,999,999,997

String length

536,870,912 bytes (512 MB), equivalent to 268,435,456 Unicode characters (256 mega characters)

Caution:
Exceptions to the string limit apply to the following functions, where strings are limited to 2,097,152 Unicode characters:

  • CONCATENATE and infix concatenation operator

  • DATEVALUE

  • EXACT

  • FIND

  • FORMAT

  • LEFT

  • LEN

  • LOWER

  • MID

  • REPLACE

  • REPT, restriction applies to the input parameter and the result

  • RIGHT

  • SEARCH

  • SUBSTITUTE, restriction applies to the input parameter and the result

  • TIMEVALUE

  • TRIM

  • UPPER

Need more help?

You can always ask an expert in the Excel Tech Communityor get support in the Answers community.

Related links

Create a memory-efficient Data Model using Excel and the Power Pivot add-in

Download the Workbook Size Optimizer

Power Pivot: Powerful data analysis and data modeling in Excel

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Data Model specification and limits (2024)

FAQs

How do I fix there is not enough memory or disk space to run in Excel? ›

If you have any macros or add-ins installed, try disabling them or uninstalling them. This may help free up some memory. You can also try increasing the amount of memory that Excel has to work with. To do this, go to File > Options > Advanced > Memory Usage and increase the number in the 'Memory Usage' field.

How to fix Excel error not enough system resources to display completely? ›

How To Fix “Excel Not Enough System Resources To Display Completely” Error?
  1. Check Contents of the spreadsheet.
  2. Verify Add-ins Interference.
  3. Verify/Install the Latest Updates.
  4. Use Different Default Printer.
  5. Disable Antivirus.
  6. Use 64 bit Version of Excel.

What is the limit of Data Model? ›

According to the Data Model Specifications and Limits Page, the Data Model can hold 2,147,483,647 tables with each table having a maximum of 2,147,483,647 columns and 1,999,999,997 rows.

How do I open a CSV file that is too big for Excel? ›

So, how do you open large CSV files in Excel? Essentially, there are two options: Split the CSV file into multiple smaller files that do fit within the 1,048,576 row limit or, find an Excel add-in that supports CSV files with a higher number of rows.

How do I fix not enough hard drive space? ›

If your system doesn't have Storage Sense, you can use the Disk Cleanup tool to delete temporary files and system files from your device. In the search box on the taskbar, type disk cleanup, then select it from the results. Select the drive you want to clean up files for, then select OK.

What to do if Excel file is too large to save? ›

You can reduce your file size by saving your spreadsheet as a binary workbook (. xslb) instead of the default format (. xslx). The default format is XML based, which is important if you're using your data with third-party programs because XML is an open standard.

How do I free up memory in Excel? ›

Steps to Clear the Cache in Excel
  1. First, go to the file tab and open the Excel options.
  2. From there, go to the save option and scroll to the end of the dialog box.
  3. Now from the Cache Settings, click on the “Delete cached files”.
  4. After that, you get a dialog box to confirm if you want to clear the cached files.

What causes Excel to run out of resources? ›

What causes the “Excel ran out of resources” error? This error message is very common when one or more formulas in your Excel file are incorrect. Check whether your Excel workbook has some formulas like this. You give cell references only with row numbers.

How do I make Excel not overflow data? ›

Select the cells you wish to stop from spilling over. On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click Format > Row Height. The Row Height box will appear showing the current height of the selected cells. Click OK without changing anything just to confirm your present row height.

What is one-to-many data model example? ›

For instance, think of A as books, and B as pages. A book can have many pages, but a page can only be in one book. In a relational database, a one-to-many relationship exists when one row in table A may be linked with many rows in table B, but one row in table B is linked to only one row in table A.

What is an example of a many-to-many data model? ›

A many-to-many relationship exists when one or more items in one table can have a relationship to one or more items in another table. For example: Your Order table contains orders placed by multiple customers (who are listed in the Customers table), and a customer may place more than one order.

Is there a limit on data? ›

Data caps are a monthly limit on the amount of data you can consume on your home internet. Using too much data leads to extra charges on your bill or drastically slowed internet speeds. Many internet providers have data caps, but some don't. Usually you can expect a monthly cap of 1TB.

How much data is too much for Excel? ›

A data set is considered too big for Excel when it exceeds the maximum number of rows and columns that Excel can handle. Excel allows you to store a maximum of 1,048,576 rows by 16,384 columns with data entries.

What causes large Excel file size? ›

PICTURES: If your spreadsheet contains lots of pictures, or some very large images. EXCESS FORMATTING: Excel sheets can contain millions of cells - and if you have formatting applied to them even without any data it can make truly massive Excel files.

How do I reset the memory in Excel? ›

Clear Cache in Excel

Scroll down to the bottom of the Save window and then in the (1) Cache Settings, click (2) Delete cached files.

How do I increase space in Excel? ›

Change the column width or row height in Excel
  1. Select a row or a range of rows.
  2. On the Home tab, select Format > Row Width (or Row Height).
  3. Type the row width and select OK.

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