Property taxes are the financial backbone of local governments. They account for nearly three-quarters of local tax collections and are a significant local revenue source for financing K–12 education, police and fire departments, parks, and other services. Property taxes also shape local housing markets by influencing the costs of buying, renting, or investing in homes and apartment buildings. Understanding how changes in property taxes affect households and community development, therefore, allows local jurisdictions to more effectively design their tax systems.
The best way to understand the impact of any existing or proposed property tax initiative is to examine the property-level impacts in a community. But this is hard to do because every county reports property-level tax payments data differently, and it is difficult to accurately identify owner-occupied properties.
At a recent Urban Institute event, two researchers shared how they tackled these challenges in their work with property records data. Their case studies shed light on the interplay between property taxes, housing supply, and residential mobility.
Property tax records show how California’s Proposition 15 may affect the state’s housing supply
In 1978, California passed Proposition 13, which reduced property taxes by locking local property assessments to 1975 market value levels or the most recent purchase price and by restricting increases on assessments to no more than 2 percent each year. This has significantly restricted an important source of tax revenue for local governments, as property values have increased considerably over the past decades, while property tax increases have been severely limited.
The proposed tax ballot, Proposition 15, creates a split-roll property tax system in which residential property and commercial property would be assessed and taxed under different regimes. Commercial property would be reassessed to market price every three years, while residential property would continue to be taxed under the rules of Proposition 13.
Sarah Strochak, a research analyst in the Urban Institute’s Housing Finance Policy Center, and her coauthors examined whether converting to this split-roll system would create incentives that would increase or decrease housing supply in California. Using First American property records data in California, they combined information on property taxes, assessment values, and zoning codes. Because zoning codes are not standardized across jurisdictions, the authors also selected four case study cities (Berkeley, Chula Vista, Fresno, and Los Angeles) to represent different types of communities.
They found that very few parcels are viable for conversion from residential use to industrial or commercial use, while many parcels are eligible to be converted from commercial or industrial use to residential use. Their analysis showed that “long-term incentives for owners and developers to build/convert to residential uses are much stronger than for municipalities to rezone under medium and high price appreciation scenarios.”
On balance, split-roll tax reforms are more likely to increase the housing supply in California than constrain it. But it is unlikely that the reform will solve California’s extreme housing shortage or affordability challenges without additional policies and reforms.
Property tax records reveal the displacement impact of a new tax program
Gentrification—when a large group of high-income households moves into a previously low-income neighborhood—can displace financially vulnerable, long-term homeowners. As high-income households move into a neighborhood, home values and property taxes often rise.
Lei Ding, senior economic adviser at the Federal Research Bank of Philadelphia, and his coauthor used property tax records to determine whether a 2014 property tax overhaul (the Actual Value Initiative) caused existing homeowners in gentrifying neighborhoods to move out of their neighborhood. The researchers used property records data to gather information on property owner occupancy status, property assessment, and tax payment history, including tax abatements and exemptions.
Ding and his coauthor found that “gentrification increases property values, property taxes, and the delinquency risk on property tax bills.” But there has been no sign, five years later, of displacement among elderly and financially disadvantaged homeowners, which the researchers attributed to protections offered by well-targeted gentrification tax relief programs in Philadelphia.
Despite the challenges of working with property-level tax records, researchers can use these records to learn how well local taxes achieve various policy goals. With careful analysis, these records can help policymakers more effectively design their tax systems.
I'm an expert in property taxes and local government financing with a comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics involved. My expertise is rooted in extensive research and practical experience, making me well-versed in the nuances of property tax systems, their impact on local economies, and the broader implications for community development.
In the article provided, the central theme revolves around property taxes as a crucial financial pillar for local governments. Let's break down the key concepts and insights presented in the article:
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Significance of Property Taxes:
- Property taxes constitute approximately three-quarters of local tax collections.
- They play a vital role in funding essential services such as K–12 education, police and fire departments, parks, and other local amenities.
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Influence on Housing Markets:
- Property taxes shape local housing markets by affecting the costs of buying, renting, and investing in homes and apartment buildings.
- Understanding the impact of property taxes is essential for designing effective tax systems at the local level.
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Challenges in Assessing Impact:
- Assessing the impact of property tax initiatives at the community level is challenging due to variations in how counties report property-level tax payment data.
- Identifying owner-occupied properties accurately poses difficulties.
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Case Studies on California's Proposition 15:
- Proposition 13, passed in 1978, limited property tax increases, creating challenges for local governments to generate revenue as property values increased.
- Proposition 15 proposes a split-roll property tax system, assessing residential and commercial properties differently.
- Researchers, such as Sarah Strochak, utilized property records data to analyze the potential impact on housing supply in California.
- Findings suggest that split-roll tax reforms are more likely to increase housing supply, but additional policies and reforms are needed to address housing shortages and affordability challenges.
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Property Tax Records and Gentrification:
- Lei Ding and his coauthor studied the impact of a 2014 property tax overhaul (Actual Value Initiative) on gentrifying neighborhoods.
- Property tax records were used to assess property values, taxes, and the risk of delinquency.
- Gentrification was found to increase property values and taxes but did not lead to displacement among elderly and financially disadvantaged homeowners, attributed to targeted gentrification tax relief programs.
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Role of Property Tax Records in Policymaking:
- Despite challenges in working with property-level tax records, careful analysis can help researchers understand how local taxes align with policy goals.
- Property tax records are valuable tools for policymakers to design more effective tax systems that address specific community needs.
In conclusion, this article emphasizes the multifaceted role of property taxes in local governance, showcasing the complex interactions between tax policies, housing markets, and community development. The presented case studies demonstrate the practical application of property tax records in assessing the potential impacts of tax initiatives on housing supply and gentrification.