Dividing up your estate among offspring can bea tricky business. There are many situations in which the obvious option—an equal division of assets among children—is the right choice. However, giving each child an identical inheritance might not make sense in some families. As estate planning attorneys point out, there is a difference between leaving an equal inheritance, where each child receives the same amount, and an equitable inheritance, where each child receives what’s fair, given their circ*mstances.
So when does it make sense to leave each of your children the same inheritance, and when does a different arrangement make more sense? And how might each choice affect sibling harmony and whether your wishes are carried out as you intended?
Key Takeaways
- Divvying up your estate in an equal way between your children often makes sense, especially when their histories and circ*mstances are similar.
- Equal distribution can also avoid family conflict over fairness or favoritism.
- Equal distribution, however, may not actually be equitable distribution, especially when some children have been favored financially in the past over others, or some are in financial straits.
When to Assign Equal Amounts
If there are three children, an equal split obviously means each will get one-third of the remaining estate after both parents have passed away.
"It makes sense for each child to get the same inheritance when each child has similar needs and is similarly situated in life, each child has received similar support in the past from their parents, and each child is mentally and emotionally capable and responsible," says Laura K. Meier, an estate planning attorney in Newport Beach, Calif., and the author of Good Parents Worry, Great Parents Plan: Wills, Trusts, and Estate Planning for Families of Young Children.
For example, if your children have all completed college (with you paying their tuition) and no longer rely on you for financial assistance, if no child has a disability or serious illness, and if all have demonstrated that they’re responsible with money, it’s logical to divide your assets evenly among them.
If your bequests include real estate and other tangible assets, you will need to determine the dollar value of each asset and decide what makes the most sense to leave to each child. Consider the common situation in which children are scattered across the country.
"If one child always loved the primary house in Connecticut and still lives nearby, it could make sense to bequeath it to him or her," says Eric Meermann, CFP, vice president of Palisades Hudson Financial Group in Stamford, Conn. Another child, who lives in Florida, could inherit the beach house in Boca. "Any differences in the values of the properties could be made up in cash or other assets," he adds.
There are also less pleasant reasons to leave an equal inheritance, even if you feel one or more of your children don’t deserve it: Doing so can help avoid the costs of conflict, both emotional and financial.
Merely from a litigation standpoint, the best way to decide is to weigh the likelihood of a child dragging an estate through litigation, according to Philip J. Ruce, estate planning director of Stone Arch Law Office in Minneapolis, Minn. A lawsuit "is financially and emotionally draining for your family and for your estate," he says, and will "cause some of your assets to end up in a different place than you had hoped—in lawyers' pockets."
If your will is contested after you die, some of your assets will go into the pockets of lawyers instead of your heirs.
When to Assign Different Amounts
Leaving each child an equal piece of the pie doesn’t always feel right. Perhaps one of your offspring is acting as your caregiver, and you want to reward them for that devotion or make compensation for lost time and wages, posits Candice N. Aiston, founder and lead estate planning attorney of Aiston Law in Portland, Ore.
Or, perhaps you've given one child considerably more money during your lifetime than you’ve given to another, say, $50,000 for a wedding, grad school, or a down payment on a house. In this scenario, if you would otherwise leave your two children equal inheritances of $200,000 apiece, you might instead leave $175,000 to the child you previously gifted money to and $225,000 to the child you didn't. This distribution follows the equitable, not equal, guideline.
If you have a child who cannot care for themselves, you may want to leave most of your estate to provide for that child's care through a special needs trust, advises Aiston. A child with a disability may need income support to meet basic living expenses and funds to pay for ongoing medical needs. Siblings will likely understand such a situation and not be offended by receiving less money, but it's still a good idea to let them know your plans, so there are no surprises after your death.
Third-party-funded special needs trusts provide financial assistance to children with functional needs without risking the loss of any existing or future public benefits.
You might decide to bequeath disparate amounts when you have a blended family, with one child who can expect to continue receiving support from another parent. You might also do this when you run a family business and one child has a larger ownership share than another, or when one child is financially irresponsible.
Aiston says the overall guideline should be the promotion of family harmony. "It is unbelievable how many families fall apart after the parents die because of how the estate is divided up," she says.
Could a Child Sue for More?
If you decide not to divide your assets equally among your children, understand that you’re putting your plans and your children at risk of going through a lawsuit. How significant is this risk, and how likely is it that the result will be a different division of assets than the one you desired? Children can sue to contest a will, but with careful estate planning, you can help mitigate challenges.
The first step is to draft your will with the assistance of an estate planning attorney while you’re of sound mind and memory and without undue influence from one of your children. "Undue influence" means that one of your other children believes—or at least thinks it can be proved in court—that you were manipulated during the process of creating your will. As a result, that child contends, you expressed wishes that you otherwise wouldn’t have or that weren’t really what you wanted. You won't be there to defend yourself against such a claim, so you need to make sure no one can successfully argue it.
"Lack of capacity," another way a will can be challenged, means that you didn't understand what you were doing when you created or changed your will, perhaps because of your age or because a physical or mental illness had eroded your ability to make sound decisions. A child could also try to argue that your will isn’t valid because of fraud or because your signature wasn’t witnessed.
A no-contest clause, which stipulates that anyone contesting the will forfeits their inheritance, can be used to discourage any legal challenges.
How to Protect Your Wishes
There are ways to minimize the chances of a less-favored child contesting your will in court, as well as ways to minimize that child's chances of winning if they do.
"A no-contest clause paired with at least some nominal gift can create a disincentive to challenge," Gottlieb says. A non-contestability clause is, basically, language in your will stating that any inheritor who takes your will to court forfeits any bequests. That’s where the nominal gift comes in—for theclause to be effective, your child has to have something to lose. You'll need to leave the less-favored child enough that they likely have more to gain by keeping quiet than by going to court.
It's an unpalatable option, to be sure, but it might mean the best chance of keeping your will intact. The enforceability of these clauses varies by state, however, so check your state’s laws before considering this option.
Estate-planning experts say other ways to avoid challenges to your will include the following:
- Using a trust to provide structure for a child who might not be able to manage an inheritance responsibly on their own.
- Having your doctor be a witness when you sign your will to invalidate claims of lack of capacity.
- Excluding all children from the will-writing process to invalidate claims of undue influence.
- Discussing your will with each child to avoid surprises and explain your reasoning.
A lawsuit of this type is most likely to end in a settlement, Ruce says, adding,"That settlement will in some way vary your estate plan, because funds will likely end up in a different place or with a different person than you had hoped."
Do You Have to Leave Money to All Your Children?
There is no law or requirement that says a parent has to leave money or any kind of inheritance to a child. A key aspect of estate planning is making sure that the individual for whom the plan is intended is protected while they're alive. Most parents want to leave an inheritance to their kids, but there may be reasons not to do so.
For example, a son or daughter who is disabled may be receiving benefits that have strict eligibility requirements; leaving them more assets than they are allowed could cause them to lose those benefits. A supplemental needs trust might be a better way to leave an inheritance to this child, ensuring that they can continue to received their benefits, and the inherited monies through the trust will provide things they might still need.
Should Each Child Get the Same Inheritance?
Dividing up your estate and giving each of your kids an equal share may make the most sense if their histories and circ*mstances are similar—that is, they have received similar support from you in the past, they are responsible, and they are emotionally and mentally capable. Doing so may also help avoid litigation by one of your children should you give disparate amounts to them. But there may be reasons to leave your kids different inheritances—for example, if one of them is disabled or has acted as your caregiver for an extended period or owns a larger share in the family business.
What Is the Average Inheritance From Parents in the U.S.?
The number of people in the U.S. who receive an inheritance from parents has nearly doubled since 1992, and taking into consideration only those who have received one, the average amount is $266,000. This gives White Americans an enormous wealth advantage, as they are roughly three times more likely to get an inheritance than Black, Hispanic, or Asian Americans.
The Bottom Line
"The most important thing to remember when dividing up an inheritance is that it is your money, and you have a right to do with it what you choose," says Ruce.
That said, an equal inheritance makes the most sense when any gifts or financial support you've given your children throughout your life have been minimal or substantially equal, and when there isn't a situation in which one child has provided most of the custodial care for an older parent.
"When there is actual or perceived inequality, the likelihood of someone looking for legal remedies increases substantially," Ruce says. You have to decide how significant that risk is given your children's temperaments, their relationships with one another, and whether any risk in leaving an unequal inheritance is worth what you’re trying to accomplish. Planning your estate carefully may not be easy, but it is essential.
